United Kingdom Home Secretary, Shabana Mahmood, has outlined what officials describe as the most far-reaching measures to address illegal migration “in modern times”, introducing temporary refugee status, streamlined appeals and potential visa penalties for countries that refuse to take back their nationals.

The reforms are closely modelled on Denmark’s tougher system, reshaping how the UK grants asylum and narrowing the scope of human rights protections and state support.

Tribune Online takes a look at key facts to know about the proposed UK asylum system reforms, according to BBC News.

Temporary refugee protection

Under the plans, individuals granted asylum would receive temporary permission to stay, with their status reviewed every 30 months. This could lead to removal if their home country is later judged “safe”. The system replicates Denmark’s two-year permit model.

The government revealed that it has already started supporting voluntary returns to Syria following the toppling of the Assad regime, and now intends to explore forced returns to Syria and other countries where removals have been limited.

Refugees would also be required to live in the UK for 20 years before applying for permanent residence up from the current five years. A new “work and study” visa pathway would encourage refugees to take up jobs or education to switch onto this route and gain settlement more quickly. Only those on this pathway could sponsor family members to join them.

Reworking human rights processes

Mahmood plans to scrap multiple appeals in asylum cases by introducing a single, consolidated appeal in which all arguments must be presented at once. A new independent appeals body, staffed by trained adjudicators and supported by early legal advice, would oversee the process.

Legislation will be introduced to change how Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights is applied. Only applicants with immediate family such as children or parents would be allowed to remain, and greater weight would be given to the public interest in removing foreign offenders and people who entered illegally.

The government also intends to narrow the interpretation of Article 3, which bans inhuman or degrading treatment.

The Modern Slavery Act would be tightened to restrict last-minute trafficking claims used to delay removals, requiring people to disclose relevant information early. Later disclosures would be considered less credible.

Scaling back housing and financial help

The home secretary plans to remove the legal duty to provide asylum seekers with guaranteed accommodation and weekly financial support.

While “those who are destitute” would still receive assistance, it would be denied to individuals who have permission to work but choose not to, as well as those who break the law or ignore removal orders. People who “have deliberately made themselves destitute” would also be refused support.

Asylum seekers with assets would be required to contribute towards the cost of accommodation, following Denmark’s approach where authorities can seize savings at the border.

The government has reiterated plans to end the use of hotels for asylum accommodation by 2029, a practice that cost £5.77m per day last year. Ministers are consulting on ending the policy that allows refused-claim families to receive support until their youngest child turns 18. Instead, families would be offered financial help to return voluntarily, with enforced removal to follow if they refuse. Officials say the current rules create a “perverse incentive” to remain without status.

New structured legal entry routes

Alongside tightening asylum access, the UK would introduce new capped legal routes. Volunteers and community groups would be able to sponsor individual refugees, similar to the “Homes for Ukraine” scheme.

The Displaced Talent Mobility pilot, launched in 2021, would be expanded to allow businesses to sponsor at-risk individuals to fill skills shortages. People arriving through these legal channels would follow a simplified ten-year route to settlement.

Targeted visa penalties

Countries that refuse to cooperate with return policies would face visa restrictions, including an “emergency brake” on visas for nations with high asylum claims until they take back their citizens living illegally in the UK.

Angola, Namibia and the Democratic Republic of Congo have been given one month to improve co-operation before sanctions are introduced.

Broader use of enforcement technology

The government plans wider deployment of new technologies, including expanded trials of AI-based tools to verify the ages of asylum seekers, particularly those claiming to be minors.

A digital ID system is also expected before the end of Parliament, enabling more accurate right-to-work checks and making it harder for illegal workers to rely on fraudulent documents. (Nigerian Tribune)