At least 30 sports, including football, covered up samples, the report says.
“It was a cover-up that evolved from uncontrolled chaos to an institutionalised and disciplined medal-winning conspiracy,” said the report’s author, Richard McLaren.
Lawyer McLaren said London 2012 was “corrupted on an unprecedented scale”.
The report also implicates medallists at the 2013 World Athletics Championships in Moscow, and the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
According to the report, salt and coffee were used to manipulate Russian samples.
The report added the system was refined over the course of the 2012 Olympics, 2013 Worlds and Winter Olympics to protect likely Russian medal winners.
Russia won 72 medals at the London Games, 21 of which were gold, and 33 medals at Sochi, 13 of which were gold.
McLaren’s second report added depth and supporting evidence to the initial findings published in July – that Russia operated a state-sponsored doping programme.
That first report was met with denials from Russia and calls for more proof from the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Writing in his latest report, McLaren says: “The desire to win medals superseded their collective moral and ethical compass and Olympic values of fair play.”
He said international sports competitions had been “unknowingly hijacked by the Russians” and sports fans have been “deceived” for years.
“It is time that stops,” he added.
In a statement, Russia’s sports ministry said it would examine the report but insisted on “the absence of a state programme of support for doping sport”. It said it would “continue to fight doping from a position of zero tolerance”.
Russian MP Dmitry Svishchev, who is also the head of Russia’s Curling Federation, was quoted by Ria Novosti news agency as saying: “This is what we expected. There’s nothing new, only empty allegations against all of us. If you are Russian, you’ll get accused of every single sin.”
When asked for a reaction to those comments, McLaren said: “I would say read the report. Its findings are not challengeable. He is reacting in a vacuum because he has not read the report.”
The new report also found:
At the Sochi Games, two Russian female ice hockey players had male urine samples.
A total of 15 Russian medal winners at London 2012 were implicated [10 medals have since been taken away].
The samples of 12 medal-winning athletes at Sochi 2014 had evidence of tampering.
Six winners of 21 Paralympic medals at Sochi had their samples tampered with.
Emails were found asking for instructions from the Russian Ministry of Sport on what to do with a positive sample – save or quarantine?
Spreadsheets were found containing lists of athletes whose samples had been saved.
A clean urine bank was kept in Moscow.
A cocktail of drugs – known as the “Duchess” – with a very short detection window was developed to assist athletes in evading doping.
Salt and instant coffee granules were added to clean urine samples to match the appearance of the positive samples.
Three samples at Sochi had salt readings that were physiologically impossible. (BBC)
•Photo shows doping report author, Richard McLaren.
