Thomas Cook has collapsed after last-minute negotiations aimed at saving the 178-year-old holiday firm failed.

The UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) said the tour operator had "ceased trading with immediate effect".

It has also triggered the biggest ever peacetime repatriation, aimed at bringing more than 150,000 British holidaymakers home.

Peter Fankhauser, Thomas Cook's chief executive, said the firm's collapse was a "matter of profound regret".

Commenting as the company entered compulsory liquidation, Mr Fankhauser also apologised to the firm's "millions of customers, and thousands of employees".

The tour operator's failure puts 22,000 jobs at risk worldwide, including 9,000 in the UK.

BBC transport correspondent Tom Burridge said 16,000 holidaymakers were booked to come back on Monday. Authorities hope to get at least 14,000 of them home on chartered flights.

The government has chartered 45 jets to bring customers home and they will fly 64 routes on Monday, in an undertaking dubbed Operation Matterhorn. The size of the fleet will make it temporarily the UK's fifth-largest airline.

Operators including easyJet and Virgin have supplied some aircraft, with jets coming from as far afield as Malaysia.

Customers can visit the CAA's special Thomas Cook website. Those scheduled to return to the UK within the next 48 hours or who are having problems with their accommodation or need special assistance can ring 0300 303 2800 in the UK or +44 1753 330 330 from abroad.

What is the government doing?

The BBC understands the government was asked for a bailout of £250m, which was denied. Transport Secretary Grant Shapps defended the move on the Today programme.

"I fear it would have kept them afloat for a very short period of time and then we would have been back in the position of needing to repatriate people in any case," he said.

The company's large debts and High Street-focused business made it a poor candidate for survival, he said.

Shadow chancellor John McDonnell told the BBC the government should have bailed out Thomas Cook, "if only to stabilise the situation while a real plan for the future of the company could be addressed".]

Prime Minister Boris Johnson pledged to help stranded holidaymakers, but also questioned whether company directors were properly motivated to "sort such matters out".

'I feel completely devastated'

Ruth Morse from Halesowen in Dudley was due to marry her partner in Cyprus on 8 October, but now doubts the wedding will go ahead.

She booked the whole event through Thomas Cook, including the decorations, the cake, wedding venues and a private bar.

And of the 44 guests due to attend, about 25 booked their flights and accommodation through the travel agent.

"At the moment, Thomas Cook have not been in contact, so we are in the dark," Ruth says.

"I know we are protected by Atol, but I'm unsure about the things we bought from third parties through Thomas Cook, like the decorations. They cost me £4,000."

Ruth says she had planned her "dream wedding" for two years. What makes it doubly hard is that much of the money she spent came from family members, including her mother and her late brother Ben, who was tragically murdered in 2017.

"From the grief we had, we pulled ourselves together to arrange our dream day," she says.

"We will rebook the wedding, but I won't do it abroad again because I have lost faith. I feel completely devastated by all of this."

One of the world's best-known holiday brands, the business was founded in 1841 in Leicestershire by cabinet-maker Thomas Cook.

How will holidaymakers get home?

While an estimated 150,000 Britons are affected by Thomas Cook's collapse, the company has about 600,000 customers abroad.

In Germany, one of Thomas Cook's main markets, insurance companies will help organise the response to its collapse.

UK customers will be brought home "as close as possible" to their booked return date, the Department for Transport (DfT) has said.

Customers will be on special free flights or booked on to another scheduled airline at no extra cost, with details of each flight to be posted on a dedicated website as soon as they are available.

The DfT added that a "small number" of passengers might need to book their own flight home and reclaim the costs.

Customers have been urged not to cut short their holiday or go to the airport without checking the website for more information about their return journey.

The CAA is also contacting hotels accommodating Thomas Cook customers, who have booked as part of a package, to tell them that the cost of their accommodation will be covered by the government, through the Air Travel Trust Fund and Air Travel Organiser's Licence scheme (Atol). (BBC)

•Text (excluding headline) courtesy of BBC)

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