The Occupy Movement, perhaps, first raised global awareness of the growing dissatisfaction with market-based capitalist economy. Banks too big to fail, government bailouts, and rising income inequality drew the ire of millions around the globe. Since then, the calls for a rethink of our economic paradigm have grown louder. One potential framing, which has gained followers, is post-capitalism, popularised by Paul Mason in a book of the same name. Post-capitalism is not a return to Marxism, but instead, driven by the understanding that a third way that is not focused on heavy-handed government control, nor on proprietary, venture-capital backed and publicly traded goliaths. Instead, a post-capitalist economy would be driven more by collective, cooperative or even autonomous organisations, frequently leveraging non-government backed (fiat) currencies as well.

To date, however, there has been insufficient discussion about the role of entrepreneurship in a post-capitalist economy. While it may seem like an oxymoron to discuss entrepreneurship in a post-capitalist economy, I argue that is only because we have a narrow view of what entrepreneurship is. In Post-Capitalist Entrepreneurship (PCE), I highlight several emergent entrepreneurial forms, including commons-based peer production, platform cooperatives, alternative currencies and initial coin offerings (ICOs) and block-chain-enabled distributed autonomous organisations, among others.

Towards a new, local but, globally interconnected, digital, collaborative, urban economic model of shared prosperity

Local governments and post-capitalism

In order for PCE to thrive at a local level, we will need local governments to create the enabling conditions. Local governments will need to rethink economic development policy, welfare policy, and citizen engagement strategies. I believe we will see cities increasingly shift away from entrepreneurship policies focused on encouraging job creation and tax revenues towards encouraging civic and PCE focused more on supporting higher velocity local transactions within the community.

Fab cities

Key members of the Fab Lab community recognise the real power of the Fab Lab model as a more holistic resource for local productive systems that has ignited a new movement within the Fab Labs’ community: Fab cities. The audacious goal of cities which sign up to be part of the Fab cities’ movement is to produce, at least, 50 per cent of everything consumed in the city within the city by 2054, reducing dependence on importing products from foreign lands. Sixteen cities have signed up for this commitment, including Amsterdam, Barcelona, Boston, Detroit, Santiago, and Shenzhen. Aside from potentially ushering in a wave of circular cities capable of virtually eliminating waste, Fab cities could provide alternatives to disappearing employment opportunities in traditional industries. Furthermore, the vision for Fab cities goes beyond what can be printed in a Fab Lab but, instead, turns our attention to local production of everything consumed in a city, including food and energy.

Local basic income

Basic income in some form will almost certainly be part of national policy in dozens, if not all countries in the future. But, also, I believe local governments may become active developers of basic income programmes. In the United States, devolution of national powers to state and local powers has been a topic since Ronald Reagan’s time in the Oval Office. For many reasons, there is a growing focus on local governments and their ability to solve complex problems, such as climate change and inequality. While some basic income regulations have been explored at a national level (for example, the 2015 referendum in Switzerland), the numerous basic income experiments are mostly happening at a local level.

The two-year minimum income experiment starting in October in Barcelona suggests one direction for such a local model to basic income. In the Barcelona experiment, 1,000 low-income families will be given a fixed income over a 24-month period. Some recipients will receive the income unconditionally, while others will have conditions, such as going through worker-retraining programmes, in an effort to see how basic-income recipients behave under different programme designs. But, perhaps, one of the most interesting components of the experiment in Barcelona is the development of a local digital, social currency, which will represent a portion of the basic income payments for between 250 and 500 families. One of the ways we may be able to address a national government’s perceived inability to finance a UBI programme is to have some of the payments be made via local digital currency. Instead of paying US$1,000 per month to every citizen over the age of 18 at a federal level (the proposal by Andy Stern in Raising the Floor), perhaps $600 is paid from the national government and $400 is paid in alternative local currencies managed by city governments.

Interestingly, in the Barcelona experiment, the city aims to put conditions on the local currency, including the requirement to apply some or all of the local currency towards the creation of self-employment or social enterprise, and to work with local retailers and small businesses to accept the currency for items related to allowing the recipients to become self-employed.

Local currency

While Colu, an Israeli startup supporting local digital currency initiatives has often decided to initiate local currency projects without waiting for government support, other cities have been initiating their own local currency movements. There are more than 5,000 local currencies operating in communities around the world, many of which have direct support of the city governments. Paris, for example, made headlines in 2016 when they announced their intention to develop a local currency, Siene, to “encourage consumers and entrepreneurs to use local businesses and services, aiming to boost local employment and reduce environmental damage by transport.”

Alternative currencies can be a source of stimulation of PCE and, of course, the local nature of the currencies in many cases suggests that local currencies could form part of a transition towards a post-capitalist economy at a local level. Alternative currencies, not just digital currencies, but also time banks, for example, facilitate a high velocity of transactions between local citizens and local producers. Local currencies, as is the case in the Barcelona experiment, could even be used as part of a universal basic income (UBI) or guaranteed minimum income (GMI).

Block-chain cities

We are in the very early days of what block-chain can mean for cities. Obviously, the smart cities movement with a strong focus on the Internet of Things (IoTs), big and open data, and sensor technology will likely benefit from the growth of block-chain solutions. But, perhaps, more interesting is to reflect on how block-chain could be used to support social inclusion and a post-capitalist economy. Aside its potentially transformative potential in local crypt-occurrences, block-chain may also support many other important changes to life and government in cities. The block-chain may support alternative forms of sharing economy that challenge platform capitalism. Take, Arcade City, as an example. Arcade City is a block-chain-enabled (with ethereum) organisation aimed at taking on Uber first, and other platform capitalists later. It is a peer-to-peer app, founded in Austin, Texas (US), in 2016, which aids people seeking a ride with drivers of passenger vehicles. Unlike in Uber’s model, Arcadian drivers are able to charge their own fees and process transactions directly with their passengers. Since its launch, rides have been facilitated in other cities in the United States, Europe, and Africa. Arcade City has launched their own initial coin offering in 2016, to create Arcade Tokens, which can be used for payments with the app.

Conclusion

I suspect in the future, at least, in the future, I hope we will witness cities embracing everything from local digital currencies, three-tiered maker communities (in the home, in the neighbourhoods via Fab Labs, and city-level flexible manufacturing production), some form of basic income (perhaps tied to civic contributions), hopefully affordable housing for all through community land trusts and other housing innovations (for example, Vancouver’s in-fill housing), block-chain-enabled distributed sharing platforms that compete with, or maybe even replace, platform capitalists, entrepreneurial and maker education in all schools and accessible to adult residents, and significant amount of civic crowd-funded projects. What I am certain of is that new forms of commons-based open entrepreneurship enabled by technology, and grounded in interconnected local communities, is here to stay. This will surely transform our cities and our lives.

•Lawrence Chukwuemeka Nwaodu is a small business expert and enterprise consultant, trained in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, with an MBA in Entrepreneurship from The Management School, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom, and MSc in Finance and Financial Management Services from Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Netherlands. Mr. Nwaodu is the Lead Consultant at IDEAS Exchange Consulting, Lagos. He can be reached via nwaodu.lawrence@hotmail.co.uk (07066375847).

Update news