Thousands of people gathered in India?s Dharamshala on Sunday to celebrate the 90th birthday of the Dalai Lama ? a key milestone in the life of the spiritual leader and Nobel Peace laureate known for his message of compassion and his quest for greater freedoms for Tibet under Beijing?s rule.

Undeterred by heavy monsoon rain and thick fog, crowds dressed in their finery packed the narrow streets from early morning and queued in droves hoping to catch a glimpse of the Dalai Lama at the Tsuklakhang Tibetan Buddhist complex.

Hundreds of hopeful attendees were left waiting to see if they would be allowed into the temple, which reached full capacity before the festivities began and was heavily manned by Indian police and security personnel.

Masked dancers in traditional outfits twirled to the sounds of gongs, pipes and horns as the Dalai Lama was led into the complex by two attendants.

Indian government ministers spoke at the event, as well as Hollywood actor Richard Gere, a longtime supporter of the Dalai Lama.

Singing performances filled the courtyard as the Dalai Lama was served a slice of his birthday cake, topped with fresh fruit and a white lily.

The gathering marked the culmination of a days-long celebration that brought supporters and spiritual heads to the small city in India?s Himalayan foothills, which has served as the seat of the Tibetan government-in-exile and home of the Dalai Lama since he fled Tibet during a failed 1959 uprising against Chinese communist rule.

Many had traveled far to join the celebration, such as Namgyal Dorjee Gongpa, from New Jersey in the United States.

The 49-year-old, at the celebration with his wife and three sons, told CNN: ?This is a very momentous occasion for myself and my family.?

?Every year, we take trips to India, which is the epicenter of the exile Tibetan setup so that my kids who are born in a foreign country? get back to their roots and learn and live their culture. So this is a great occasion because we can all take part in the celebration of His Holiness the Dalai Lama?s 90th birthday.?

In a birthday message on X, the Dalai Lama emphasized the importance of ?achieving peace of mind through cultivating a good heart and by being compassionate.? Woven into his reflections was a pledge to continue promoting human values, religious harmony, ancient Indian wisdom and Tibetan culture, which ?has so much potential to contribute to the world.?

At a ceremony on Saturday, as attendees prayed for his long life, he assured them of his ?great physical condition? and raised his longevity goal to 130, two decades beyond his previous prediction.

As he was led out the temple, video showed the Dalai Lama gently swaying to more live music, before continuing outside and leaving on his golf cart.

This year?s festivities carry heightened significance as a stage for the charismatic leader to address the looming question of what happens after his death.

Reincarnation

In a video message to religious elders on Wednesday, the Dalai Lama announced that he will have a successor after his death, and affirmed that his office has the ?sole authority? to recognize his future reincarnation.

?No one else has any such authority to interfere in this matter,? the Dalai Lama said in his recorded message.

The statement sets the stage for a struggle over his succession between Tibetan Buddhist leaders in exile and China?s atheist Communist Party, which insists it alone holds the authority to approve the next dalai lama.

The Dalai Lama?s announcement was welcomed by many Tibetan Buddhists, who had been waiting for his decision on whether the centuries-old institution would end with his death ? a question he had earlier said he would re-evaluate around his 90th birthday.

Speaking from the crowds, Tenzin Nyidon, 26, originally from Odisha, eastern India, told CNN she holds his reincarnation ?with deep respect? and raised concerns over China?s ?attempts to politicize? this process.

?I feel that he has thoughtfully considered the future and made it clear that the decision will be guided by the Tibetan people and Buddhist traditions and not by any external political interference,? she added.

?At the same time, like many Tibetans, I do have concerns about China?s attempts to politicize the reincarnation process by potentially appointing its own dalai lama? Their appointment of a dalai lama would not only be a distortion of our faith but also a strategy to undermine Tibetan identity.?

Tibetan Buddhists believe in the circle of rebirth, and that when an enlightened spiritual master like the Dalai Lama dies, he will be able to choose the place and time of his rebirth through the force of compassion and prayer.

But the religious tradition has increasingly become a battleground for the control of Tibetan hearts and minds, and experts expect that Beijing will seek to establish its own dalai lama after the current one ? part of the Comunist Party?s campaign to ?sinicize? religion to ensure it aligns with Communist Party leadership and maintain its tightening grip over Tibet.

The Dalai Lama has previously stated that his successor will be born in the ?free world? outside China, urging his followers to reject any candidate selected by Beijing.

Asked about the Dalai Lama?s latest statement on his reincarnation, a spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry on Wednesday reiterated Beijing?s long-held stance that the spiritual leader?s reincarnation must comply with Chinese laws and regulations, with search and identification conducted in China and approved by the central government.

Beijing has long sought to discredit the Dalai Lama and claims he is a dangerous ?separatist.?

Since the 1970s, however, the Dalai Lama has maintained that he no longer seeks full independence for Tibet, but ?meaningful? autonomy that would allow Tibetans to preserve their distinct culture, religion and identity. His commitment to the nonviolent ?middle way? approach has earned him international support and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989.

As China?s political and economic clout has grown, however, the Dalai Lama?s global influence appears to be waning, especially as old age makes it difficult to sustain his extensive globe-trotting. The spiritual leader has not met a sitting US president since Barack Obama in 2016, after numerous visits to the White House since 1991.

On his birthday, however, heartfelt messages poured in from world leaders, politicians, lawmakers and artists in a video played at the event and compiled by Tibet TV, run by the Tibetan government-in-exile.

Obama wished a ?very happy birthday to the youngest 90-year-old I know,? and thanked the Dalai Lama for his friendship.

?You?ve shown generations what it means to practice compassion and speak up for freedom and dignity. Not bad for someone who describes himself as a simple Buddhist monk,? he added.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said in a statement on X which was read at the event : ?I join 1.4 billion Indians in extending our warmest wishes to His Holiness the Dalai Lama on his 90th birthday.

?He has been an enduring symbol of love, compassion, patience and moral discipline. His message has inspired respect and admiration across all faiths. We pray for his continued good health and long life.?

In an official statement, also read at the event, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio expressed support for efforts to preserve Tibetans? heritage, ?including their ability to freely choose and venerate religious leaders without interference.? (CNN)

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