The emergence of ?Ponzi Scheme? in the annals of investment?s Lexicon albeit a globally notorious phenomenon, was not a recent development. Its historical antecedent was set in motion with the celebrated Charles Ponzi scheme which came to the fore in the 1920s. Perhaps, it may not be trite to assert that the scheme slipped quietly into the financial eco-system without any inkling on the part of its preys that the strategic initiatives of Charles Ponzi were disguised by investments jiggery-pokery.

Be that as it may, from the available financial memoir, it has been enunciated with profound lucidity that the progenitor of the scheme was an Italian business man, named Charles Ponzi. Indeed, Ponzi?s escapades, as well as his atrocious moves on the investment landscape were huge and monstrous. As at the last count, investors in the Ponzi?s Scheme lost about $15 million.

He was not just the grandmaster of the art, but also an octopus per excellence in the game. Thus his posture and sobriquet as the grandfather of Ponzi schemes has remained incontrovertible by any one till date.

Additionally, it was classically chronicled that in the 1920s, his notoriety and craftiness in misrepresentation of facts on financial re-engineering, dovetailed into scamming investors via a scheme that they were investing in international mail coupons. In luring his clients, he made irresistible and mouth-watering promises to the numerous preys masquerading as investors.

Put starkly, a 50 per cent return on their investments after few months was considered then and even now as not only mouth-watering, but irresistible to his gullible cohorts or better still, investing audience. Thus, some investors with a knack for innoxiousness took the plunge. The victims might have relied most heavily on their insatiability instincts as well as their inexpertness which culminated in their capitulation to the roguery and the patent sleaze of Charles Ponzi.

For the avoidance of doubt, it could be stated that Charles Ponzi was never keen in turning around the financial fortunes of his clients or even at home with investments wizardry that could bolster their profits. Pathetically, he was not involved in any productive venture or rendering any financial service to the public.

Despite this investment oddity, he was perfidious enough by basically using the funds from new entrants or investors to pay opaque ?returns? to earlier investors. After some time, he reneged on his promises, defaulted and investors lost their wealth spectacularly.

Ever since, most schemes that emerged were now dubbed ?Ponzi.? Suffice it to say that the schemes have been growing in leaps and bounds. It has come in several names, shapes, coloration and even added some flavour to investment activities globally.

To underpin this fact, one of the greatest Ponzi schemes in history happened recently. It involved the celebrated Bernie Madoff, an American fraudster and Wall Street financier who defrauded ?the largest, possibly most devastating Ponzi scheme in history, defrauding thousands of investors of about $64.8 billion.? He was later prosecuted and sentenced to 150 years imprisonment where he died in 2021 at the age of 82.

At this juncture, can we pause and ruminate on this poser: Are the average Nigerian investors ring-fenced from the vicissitudes of Ponzi? Your guess is as good as mine. In Nigeria, the metamorphosis of the schemes are legion, but they include but not limited to: Umanah Umanah, Forum, Deception or Advance fee Fraud otherwise called 419, Yahoo Yahoo or G boys, Yahoo Plus or even multiplication. Some financial analysts had opined recently, that it was advancing into the remit of the real estate sector of our economy.

After a thorough and detached analysis of the scheme, the following factors may have galvanized the interests of its patrons in our own economic milieu. Firstly, there is lack of due diligence on the part of investors. Most of the Nigerian investors who usually get their fingers burnt via Ponzi schemes fail to do proper due diligence in their investment activities. The legal maxim of ?Caveat Emptor? (Buyers beware) holds sway here. Most investors who fall victims of the Ponzi scheme do not ask pertinent questions such as: what is the track record of the company promoting the scheme? What is their business model?

Are they into manufacturing or playing in the service sector? Who are the key members of the Board? Are there key Central Bank of Nigeria?s (CBN?s,) Securities and Exchange Commission?s (SEC?s), approvals or licences for the scheme? What is the purpose for which funds are being raised? Is it a debt or equity instrument? Is there a cap or ceiling on the money being raised? What is the return on the investment (ROI)? Is 20 per cent per month (ROI) or 240% per annum under an inclement economic climate like ours realistic? Is the company rated by any of the reputable rating agencies such as Fitch, Moddy or even our own Augusto? Once these and other posers cannot be satisfactorily answered, then, there is a red flag and it is incumbent on the investor to be circumspect.

Secondly, greed and high risk taking tendencies among some folks cannot be wished away. This has become obvious considering that Nigerians have high proclivity for greed and gambling. The ?get rich quick syndrome? is innate in some of them. This acts as impetus that motivates their propensity to invest in Ponzi schemes like Umanah Umanah, MMM, etc.

Closely related to this is the emotional instincts coupled with religious practices of some Nigerians. In this connection, the ?it is not my portion syndrome, I reject it? or blatant self-denial, or extreme optimism or gambling? come into play. These are some of the emotive or religious stimulants that some Nigerians who are members of some faith-based organisations rely on in order to carry on with such investments. Their faiths sometimes act as catalysts that lure them into such investments.

Despite the fact that others before them have got their fingers burnt, there is this spirit that sometimes pushes them to believe that they will not suffer the same fate like their predecessors.

Ignorance or lack of knowledge about the scheme may be a contributory factor to the growth of Ponzi in Nigeria. It has been observed that many Nigerian investors lack the capacity and capability to interrogate the key performance indicators (KPI) of a company in which they want to invest.

Some of them cannot even analyse the audited financial statements of the companies of their choice. Despite the fact that there are some financial advisers that can assist the investors at moderate costs, the investors will not contact them to render such professional services.

Endorsement of the Ponzi product or service has crept into our business life to the extent that it is increasingly becoming a powerful marketing tool these days.

The social media is an effective platform being employed by their users. When the endorser (i.e. the promoter or sponsor) of a new product or service is a star artist or a renowned religious personality (with a massive followership) in the Nigerian society, it goes without saying that it may act as a weapon of mass mobilisation of support for the product or service in question. This singular factor might have shaped the investment decisions of investors in the Ponzi scheme.

Furthermore, the impact of the social media might have aided the growth of Ponzi scheme in Nigeria. The fact that whenever you switch on your handset or computer, the advertisements of such a product or service prop up sometimes makes the investments more attractive and appealing.

Meanwhile, some investors who fall victim of the scheme are attracted by the fact that they read or saw the advertisements online. However, they are oblivious of the fact that reading or viewing something online doesn?t make it authentic, or confer genuineness on the product or service.

This article was first published in The Guardian on February 8 and 10, 2023. Dr Adaramewa, a lawyer and an ex-banker wrote from Lagos.

Perhaps paying lackadaisical attention to regulatory pronouncements may be another factor. Some Nigerian investors pay little or no attention to their regulatory environment. For instance, both the CBN and SEC have been warning investors on the dangers of patronising Ponzi schemes in Nigeria. While some yielded the warnings, a large proportion of the victims did not. In the process, it was alleged by some analysts that a whooping sum of over N200billion was lost to MBA FX alone recently.

In conclusion, therefore, the Nigerian investing public needs to be circumspect whenever a new scheme emerges. As a rational investor, the clich? should be: ?shine your eyes? or better still buyers beware (caveat emptor). This is imperative, given the fact that any fund lost by any investor in the scheme may not be easy to recover. After all, such financial dealing may be tantamount to an illegality in the first place, or akin to an investment misadventure wherein both the investors and the Ponzi scheme operators are considered suspects who may have violated some sections of the extant laws of the land.

This article was first published in The Guardian on February 8 and 10, 2023. Dr Adaramewa, a Lawyer and an ex-banker wrote in from Lagos. (The Guardian)

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