By SHU?AIBU USMAN LEMAN

As Nigeria gears up for its next general election, the political landscape continues to be shaped by self-interest and the pursuit of power. This phenomenon is particularly evident in Rivers State, where the ongoing rivalry between former Governor Nyesom Wike and current Governor Siminalayi Fubara serves as a striking example of the complexities defining the country?s democracy.

Political theorist Hans J. Morgenthau?s principles of political realism suggest that state behaviour is often driven by self-interest and a relentless quest for power. The intense competition for control between Wike and Fubara underscores how deeply entrenched these dynamics are within Nigerian politics.

Democracy, ideally meant to serve the collective good, often falters in practice. In Rivers State, the influence of special interests and powerful political ?godfathers? complicates the democratic process, leading to a landscape where accountability and transparency can be eclipsed by personal ambition and financial clout.

The current turbulence In Rivers State, particularly surrounding efforts to impeach Governor Fubara and his deputy, and the consequent imposition of state of emergency and suspension of the Governor and the State Assembly illustrates the destabilising effects of political patronage. Recent legal disputes, including the affirmation of 27 Rivers lawmakers? positions and Supreme Court decisions regarding local government tenure, have contributed in intensifying existing political tensions. Allegations of misconduct and financial impropriety against Governor Fubara further expose the challenges of corruption within the patronage system.

The looming general election brings a mix of apprehension and hope as the spectre of godfatherism continues to impact political dynamics. In this pervasive system, influential figures manipulate electoral processes and exert disproportionate control over political appointments and policies, often prioritising their interests over public welfare. Aspiring politicians frequently find themselves forced to forge alliances with these figures, undermining their accountability to the electorate.

The Master of Godfatherism was Alhaji Lamidi Adedibu, the ?Strongman of Ibadan Politics,? whose influence extended beyond a mere local power struggle, offering a revealing lens through which to examine the wider consequences of patronage systems within Nigerian politics. His considerable influence, rooted in a complex web of alliances and resource distribution, fundamentally shaped Oyo State?s political climate, particularly during the governorship of his prot?g?, Rasheed Ladoja, in 2003.

This period, and the subsequent acrimonious falling out between Adedibu and Ladoja over financial control, serves as a potent illustration of the inherent volatility and potential for destabilisation within patronage-based relationships. It highlights how such systems, while seemingly offering stability through reciprocal favours, can quickly devolve into conflict when competing interests clash.

In essence, the Adedibu narrative transcends a local anecdote, offering a valuable case study for understanding the broader challenges facing Nigerian democracy and the enduring Impact of patronage on its political landscape. It provides a sobering reminder of the need for reforms that promote transparency, accountability, and the rule of law, in order to move towards a more equitable and stable political environment.

Furthermore, several high-profile cases illuminate the wider implications of this phenomenon:

The Ngige crisis: The political turmoil in Anambra State, involving Governor Chris Ngige and his alleged godfather, Chris Uba, exposed egregious electoral malpractice, culminating in Ngige?s purported kidnapping and a forced resignation attempt. This incident illustrated the chilling lengths to which godfathers will go to maintain dominance.

The abduction of Chris Ngige, took place on 10 July 2003. He was reportedly seized by a group of political power brokers and held for over twelve hours in Awka, the state capital.

Ngige had publicly accused Chris Uba, a prominent politician in the state, of orchestrating his abduction. However, Andy Uba, Chris Uba?s brother and a former gubernatorial candidate, had denied any involvement in the kidnapping.

The abduction was widely condemned, and it triggered a political crisis within the state. The incident also raised concerns regarding the safety and security of government officials in Nigeria.

It Is noteworthy that Ngige had characterised his abduction as a ?civilian coup? and had spoken publicly about the traumatic experience. The incident remains a significant event in Nigeria?s political history.

The Saraki Dynasty's influence on Kwara State politics presents a complex and intriguing phenomenon. At its core is the patriarch, Dr. Abubakar Olusola Saraki, who established the dynasty over four decades ago. During his tenure as a senator in Nigeria?s Second Republic (1979-1983), Saraki cultivated an extensive patronage network, which formed the bedrock of the dynasty?s enduring influence. The Saraki family?s hold on Kwara State politics was further cemented when Olusola?s son, Bukola Saraki, assumed the governorship in 2003, serving two terms. This marked the commencement of a near two-decade period of dominance, during which the Saraki family installed elective office holders and exerted significant control over state politics. However, the dynasty's influence began to wane in 2019, with the emergence of the ?O to ge? movement, roughly translating to ?Enough is Enough?.

Tony Anenih, often referred to as ?Mr. Fix It,? left an indelible mark on Nigeria?s political landscape. As a seasoned politician and influential broker, he played a pivotal role in shaping the country?s democratic processes. However, his legacy also raises important concerns about the potential dangers of prioritising personal relationships over democratic values .

Anenih?s career spanned several decades, encompassing notable positions such as Minister of Works and Housing, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the People?s Democratic Party (PDP), and National Chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SDP). His adept navigation of complex political situations earned him the moniker ?Mr. Fix It,? a testament to his skilful manipulation of political networks.

Bola Ahmed Tinubu?s influence in Lagos State politics is a testament to his strategic leadership and ability to cultivate robust networks.

As the former governor of Lagos State, Tinubu?s vision for the state?s development led to significant improvements in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. His leadership style, often characterised as pragmatic and results-driven, has earned him a reputation as a master strategist.

However, Tinubu?s influence has also been subject to criticism for being overly dominant, with some arguing that it stifles opposition and creates an uneven playing field. The dispute with former Governor Akinwunmi Ambode is a prime example of this. Ambode?s attempt to challenge Tinubu?s authority resulted in a very public disagreement, ultimately leading to Ambode?s loss of the governorship seat.

Now, as president, Tinubu?s influence extends to the national level, raising concerns about the concentration of power and the potential for authoritarian tendencies. Tinubu?s leadership style and influence have sparked intense debate, with some hailing him as a visionary leader and others criticising him for perceived authoritarianism.

As Nigeria navigates this new era under Tinubu?s presidency, it remains to be seen how his influence will shape the country?s future.

Adams Oshiomhole?s ascendency- Oshiomhole?s transition from Edo State Governor to APC National Chairman demonstrates how godfathers can exert influence on the national stage, as illustrated by tensions with his successor, former Governor Godwin Obaseki, revealing the potential for national level political control.

The relationship between Rabiu Kwankwaso and Kano State Governor Abba Kabir Yusuf is complex, with Kwankwaso?s significant influence over Yusuf?s political career raising concerns about the governor?s autonomy.

As Yusuf?s father-in-law and political mentor, Kwankwaso has played a crucial role in shaping Yusuf?s rise to power. Yusuf?s loyalty to Kwankwaso is evident in his political trajectory. He served as Kwankwaso?s personal assistant during his governorship and later became the Commissioner of Works, Housing, and Transport in Kwankwaso?s cabinet. This close relationship has led to accusations that Yusuf?s governorship is beholden to Kwankwaso?s interests, rather than serving the populace of Kano State.

The dynamics between Kwankwaso and Yusuf reflect the complex web of power and control that characterises Nigerian politics. Political godfatherism, where influential politicians like Kwankwaso wield significant control over their prot?g?s, can undermine democratic institutions and regional stability.

In addition, the role of traditional and religious leaders in political patronage further complicates the narrative. While they can serve as mediators and influencers, their involvement may blur the lines between traditional values and contemporary political practices, leading to conflicts of interest that undermine democratic processes.

The repercussions of patronage are felt across Nigerian society, from rampant electoral malpractice to the entrenchment of unqualified individuals in significant positions. This culture fosters corruption, erodes public trust, and stagnates development. As factions contest for power, political violence and unrest can ensue, destabilising communities and further complicating governance.

In conclusion, the political turmoil in Rivers State highlights the systemic challenges plaguing Nigerian democracy, where power struggles and patronage networks dominate the political landscape. The rivalry between Nyesom Wike and Siminalayi Fubara exemplifies the pervasive self-interest that characterises much of Nigerian governance, often undermining the very democratic principles that are meant to serve the public good.

As the nation approaches the next general election, the urgent need for reform becomes increasingly apparent. Tackling the deeply ingrained issues of corruption, electoral malpractice, and the overwhelming influence of political godfathers will require not only strong leadership but also an engaged and informed citizenry ready to demand accountability from their leaders.

While the path to a more transparent and equitable political system in Nigeria may be fraught with challenges, the momentum for change is building. Civic activism, combined with a commitment to integrity in public service, could pave the way for a renewed democratic ethos that ultimately prioritises the welfare of the people over individual ambitions. Only through concerted efforts can Nigeria hope to overcome the legacies of patronage and move towards a more resilient and representative democracy.

?Shu?aibu Usman Leman was National Secretary, Nigeria Union of Journalists, November 2002 ? April 2024.

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