In Nigeria, an unacknowledged crisis is escalating, as young persons, especially girls, are being lured into a dangerous underground organ trade.

Snared by promises of money or medical treatment, these teenagers unknowingly have their ovaries harvested and sold.

Coming from poor backgrounds, they are targeted by criminals posing as doctors or trusted figures who offer false hope, promising a better life but behind these lies is a horrific market exploiting their fertility. This illegal practice thrives in the shadows of Nigeria?s healthcare system, and although many are unaware, doctors and human rights activists are speaking out.

The trade, which preys on vulnerable girls, is now under scrutiny as more people demand action against the abuse and trafficking of human organs. The exploitation of minors for reproductive materials is a chilling violation of rights that urgently needs attention.

Organ harvesting involves illegally removing body parts, often for commercial gain, without the victim?s express consent. Under modern slavery laws, a victim cannot consent to exploitation. A recent case highlights this disturbing practice.

In 2022, two teenagers had their ovaries harvested without consent by a doctor at a private hospital (names withheld) in Abeokuta, Ogun State. A lady acted as the intermediary between the doctor and the girls. The case was reported but soon ignored. It was transferred from a police station in Lagos to the State Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Department, SCIID, in Yaba, where it was abandoned after the investigating officer was transferred.

The teenagers, allegedly convinced by an adult church member, went to the hospital where their organs were harvested and later sold for N100,000 each.

The situation came to light when one of the girls fell ill. Her father, thinking it was malaria, took her to a hospital. Tests revealed severe damage to her private parts and anus. She later disclosed that a female church member trafficked them to Ogun State where their organs were sold.

The girls claimed they were promised money and threatened with death if they told anyone. They were injected with drugs in the said hospital in Abeokuta and forced to undergo a procedure, resulting in severe pain and bleeding. Further medical tests in Lagos revealed extensive damage to their organs, including their liver, uterus, kidneys, and bladder.

When contacted, the father of one of the teenagers who claimed to be a bishop, told Vanguard that his daughter?s illness became apparent when her younger siblings noticed she was frequently using the toilet with medical equipment and emerging with blood.

He said the primary suspect, the go-between, stayed with her mother-in-law in the church compound and attended church vigils.

The other teenager, simply identified as Favour, lived with the bishop and worked as his secretary, earning N20,000 a month as salary. His daughter, Precious, a hair stylist, also worked for the go-between, styling her hair for payment.

The bishop, disturbed by the situation, reported the case at Iyana-Ipaja police station, and it was later transferred to the State Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Bureau, SCIID, in Panti, Yaba, Lagos. However, the case took a turn when the bishop?s lawyer, Barrister Ikechukwu Chiaha, suspected compromise on the part of the investigators. The investigator allegedly demanded a bribe of N300,000, with N200,000 going to the police.

Consequently, the case was transferred to the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons, NAPTIP, which has launched a fresh investigation.

In response, the go-between or intermediary, claimed the two girls volunteered to donate their eggs after overhearing a phone conversation between her and the doctor, adding that they were paid N100,000, with Favour giving her N20,000 for the introduction.

In June 2023, the Lagos State government, through its Domestic and Sexual Violence Agency, directed the state police command to investigate the case. Unfortunately, there was no result at the end.

The victim, Temitope, said she had planned for a better and pious life all along, but almost became a victim of something she thought was just a movie. Temitope, in her early 20s, recalled how she almost fell victim to egg donation without realizing the dangers.

She was introduced to a woman, named Madam Queen, who acted as an intermediary for a fertility centre.

She explained: ?My friend told me to come online. We would usually discuss things there. She said she had something important to tell me. At the time, I wasn?t working and was preparing for our school convocation.

?She asked if I still needed money, and I said yes. Then she told me about egg donation. I had no idea what it was, and she said I could join a group that would pay me N150,000, N20,000 for transport, and N50,000 for the donation.

?She told me to go on the first day of my period, and after 10 days, I would get injections. But I started hesitating. I did an online search on it because I was confused. Later, my friend gave me Madam Queen?s contact. We started chatting, and she explained the whole process.

?She said they would inject and give me medication, and that by day 10, my body and ovaries would be ready for donation.

?I was also given an ultimatum. She said I would have to pay N20,000 to proceed, or if I didn?t have the money, she would arrange for a man to sleep with me.

?I jokingly told him I needed money and was considering being an egg donor. He immediately started talking sense into me. He queried: ?what if, after doing this, you can?t have children in the future? And what if they damage your womb or remove your kidney???

Temitope took his advice and decided not to proceed, but the situation didn?t end there:

She continued: ?A week later, the woman changed her number but kept texting me, asking when I was coming. I told her I hadn?t seen my period yet, and she kept pushing. Eventually, she blocked me.?

Temitope?s friend also tried to go through with the process but stopped when the travel expenses became too much.

?I don?t know what to make of it. I want to understand egg donation ? not because I want to do it, but to know why they target young people like us. If I hadn?t had a dream about it, I might have gone through with it. The dream showed me what could happen, and that?s why I stopped. I want to know more about egg donation. If it?s dangerous, something needs to be done to stop it.?

An attempt was made to contact Madam Queen, but the phone number was no longer in service, and efforts to reach the fertility centre were unsuccessful.

Legal authorities are beginning to address the issue of organ trafficking in Nigeria, which continues to thrive, despite clear laws prohibiting the practice.

Experts argue that addressing this issue require not only stricter laws but also better education, healthcare, and economic support for vulnerable populations.

Oliver Gift Chukkol, an Abuja-based lawyer, highlights the legal frameworks protecting individuals from organ trafficking and illegal harvesting.

According to Chukkol, key laws include the 1999 Constitution, the Criminal Code Act, the Penal Code Act, and the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and Administration Act.

These laws provide protection for citizens? dignity and lives, including minors, and prohibit trafficking for exploitation, including organ removal.

The National Health Act, 2014, specifically governs organ removal. It states that tissue, blood, or body fluids can only be removed from a living person with their informed consent, except in emergencies. The Act also prohibits organ removal from anyone under 18, except for medical purposes, and bans the sale or trade of organs.

Organ removal for transplantation can only occur in authorized hospitals, with written approval from medical practitioners.

Additionally, the Child Rights Act emphasizes that a child?s best interests must be considered in medical procedures, and parental consent is required for organ removal.

The Code of Medical Ethics in Nigeria further provides that when a patient is under-age, unconscious, or mentally impaired, consent from a next-of-kin is necessary. In the absence of a next-of-kin, a senior doctor or court order may be required.

These laws aim to protect vulnerable individuals, especially minors, from organ trafficking and illegal harvesting.

Chukkol said: ?The punishment for illegal organ trade or trafficking includes payment of fines of varying amounts, ranging from N250,000 to N5,000,000 and even $100,000. Another punishment is imprisonment or both imprisonment and fine.

?How effective is the law enforcement in Nigeria in tackling illegal organ harvesting, especially in cases involving teenagers? Well, relevant law enforcement agencies that are responsible for tackling criminal activities, including illegal organ harvesting, especially in cases involving teenagers, are the Nigeria Police Force, NPF, and the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons, NAPTIP.

?These agencies have been doing their best and a number of people, including doctors and medical staff, have been arrested and accused of crimes related to organ harvesting.

In 2018, people believed to be victims of organ trafficking were found in a mass grave in Anambra State. An investigation by the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission, ICPC, revealed a private hospital in Ibadan was engaged in illicit kidney transplants. In 2020, a man was arrested in Lagos State for allegedly luring individuals with promises of employment opportunities, only to abduct and forcibly remove their organs.

?The above instances go to show that the security agencies are trying. This is, however, without prejudice to the realities of Nigerian society that tend to have bad eggs in every organization that compromise the principles of their respective agencies.?

?There are quite a number of recent illegal harvesting cases. Sometime in March 2024, NAPTIP arraigned a 51-year-old prominent Abuja?based medical practitioner and three others before a high court of the FCT sitting in Zuba, for an alleged organ (kidney) harvest.

?The matter is still in court. Sometime in 2023, the former Deputy Senate President, Senator Ike Ekweremadu, was convicted in UK, alongside his wife and a doctor for conspiring to harvest the kidney of a young Nigerian in the UK .

?The victim, 21, was said to have been told he could earn up to ?7,000 for his family. However, he was allegedly not informed that his kidney would be harvested. The defendants were sentenced to prison terms.

?In August 2023, Dr. Noah Kekere was arrested by the Plateau State Police Command after a businessman, named Kamal, accused him of illegally harvesting his wife?s kidneys and causing her chronic pain for five years.

Kehinde, who was operated on by Noah in 2018, continued to suffer from stomach pains after the surgery.

?In September 2023, a 12-year-old boy, named Adebola Akin-Bright, died after his small intestine reportedly went missing during a corrective surgery at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, LASUTH.?

?Yes, Nigeria is a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, UNTOC, and has ratified the three protocols that supplement the UNTOC.

?How does Nigerian law address the issue of parental or guardian consent for medical procedures like organ removal for minors?

?As stated earlier, the Child Rights Act requires the consent of a child to be granted by parents or guardian. This is normally done in writing. The law makes it an offence to remove the organs of a child without the parent?s or guardian?s consent.?

Organ harvesting in Nigeria, like in many parts of the world, is a controversial issue fraught with ethical, legal, and medical implications.

While organ transplantation has become a life-saving procedure globally, the illegal trade of organs is a growing concern in Nigeria, where poverty, lack of regulation, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure sometimes drive individuals to exploit the vulnerable for illicit organ trade.

Speaking on health risks related to organ harvesting, Secretary-General, International Federation of Fertility Societies, IFFS, Professor Oladapo A Ashiru, who is also the President, African Reproductive Care Society, ARCS, and Chairman, Medical Art Center, said organ donation and transplantation involve health risks, especially when conducted by unqualified professionals.

He said the removal of organs, such as kidneys or livers, could have serious complications if not done properly.

Prof Asiru said: ?Blood donation, however, carries minimal risk, as the body quickly replenishes the small amount taken. In contrast, gamete cell donation (egg or sperm donation) presents different risks. ??Sperm donation is virtually risk-free, while egg donation, though minimally invasive, carries some risk, typically associated with the procedure of egg retrieval under sedation. Egg donation is generally reserved for individuals 21 or older.

??To prevent unethical practices, state governments should register and monitor clinics performing organ or cell donations. Professional bodies, such as the Association for Reproductive Health and Fertility in Nigeria, AFRH, collect procedural data, while guidelines ensure ethical standards are followed. ??Informed consent is crucial; individuals must receive counseling about the risks and benefits before donating and provide consent only after full understanding.

?The laws in Nigeria regulating organ donation, gamete donation, and assisted reproductive technology, including surrogacy, have passed the second reading in the Senate. Additionally, there is another effort underway in the House of Assembly.

??Various professional bodies, including AFRH, have provided input on these laws. Once enacted, these laws are expected to address and resolve most of the challenges and unethical practices associated with these procedures.

??What ethical obligations do healthcare professionals have in reporting or addressing cases of suspected illegal or unethical organ and egg donations? It is the responsibility of every practitioner to report and bring to the attention of recognized authorities any malpractice, illegal, or unethical donations they become aware of.?

In November 2024, there was a report about a devastating trend involving series of corpses with missing body parts in Makurdi, the Benue State capital.

It raised concerns among residents of the state, suggesting that organ harvesters were lurking around the city.

A female corpse was found on a refuse dump around Lorapuu Adai Street at Nyiman Hudco Quarters of Makurdi metropolis. The woman, whose identity remained unknown, was wrapped in hotel bed-sheets, her legs tied and body stuffed into a nylon sack and dumped at the refuse site.

There were claims that several of her organs were removed. Shortly after that, another female body was discovered beneath the old dual railway road bridge with her private parts missing.

SP Catherine Anene, the spokeswoman of the police in Benue State confirmed the incident, while assuring the public that investigations were ongoing.

Also in January 2025, the National Agency for Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons, NAPTIP, accused some medical centers and personnel of indulging in organ harvesting in what had become a booming trade in Akwa Ibom State.

According to the agency, an estimated one million children were trafficked in last four years in A?Ibom.

The State Zonal Coordinator of NAPTIP, Mr. Emmanuel Awhen, made the startling allegation in Uyo as stakeholders marked the National Human Trafficking Awareness Day 2025 themed, ?Strengthening Communities by Connecting the Dots?

Awhen noted that approximately 750,000 to one million children were abducted in Akwa Ibom for trafficking and other exploitative purposes between 2021 and 2024.

He disclosed further the agency?s arrest of one suspect for organ harvesting, having secured 60 convictions of human trafficking offenders under the period in review with 15 cases pending in court.

Vincent Adekoye, Press Officer of NAPTIP, explained that ovary harvesting in Nigeria was part of broader patterns of human trafficking and organ harvesting.

He said traffickers deceive and coerce young women, promising false opportunities, to exploit them. Although NAPTIP has not formally addressed ovary harvesting, it is actively prosecuting cases related to organ harvesting under the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and Administration Act, 2025.

The Act criminalizes coercion or manipulation for organ removal, with penalties of up to seven years in prison and fines.

Adekoye highlighted that human trafficking, including organ harvesting, remained a nationwide issue in Nigeria, with no state immuned from the practice.

NAPTIP identifies trafficking hotspots, though ovary harvesting remains under-reported. Traffickers commonly use deceit, coercion, debt bondage, and exploitation of desperation to target vulnerable victims.

Challenges NAPTIP faces include limited regional cooperation, the clandestine nature of the crime, resource constraints, secrecy among victims, and sophisticated trafficking networks using technology to evade detection.

Adekoye said under the leadership of the Director-General, Binta Adamu Bello, NAPTIP had ramped up efforts to combat human trafficking, including increasing awareness, building partnerships with local governments, and deploying intelligence officers.

He also said the agency has launched initiatives, such as the Trafficking in Persons and Violence Against Persons Vanguard in schools to encourage youth to report suspicious activities and seek help.

No hospitals had been shut down yet for organ harvesting, as cases remain low.

However, NAPTIP is prosecuting a doctor and staff in Abuja for alleged organ trafficking.

Adekoye emphasized the need for anonymous reporting mechanisms, stronger regional and international cooperation, and community empowerment to protect young girls from exploitation.

These efforts aim to curb the disturbing trade in human organs and exploitation, with the ultimate goal of eradicating human trafficking in Nigeria. (Vanguard)

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