The death of black Belgian student Sanda Dia shocked Dutch-speaking Flanders in 2018.

Warning: Some readers may find some of the details in this article upsetting.

The 20-year-old student was made to drink excessive amounts of fish oil and alcohol, made to swallow a live goldfish, and forced to stand outside in an icy pit as part of a hazing ritual for an elite fraternity at one of Belgium's most prestigious universities, court documents say.

Hazing - the practice of putting someone in physical or emotional distress - was part of the process aspiring members of Reuzegom had to go through to gain entry to the fraternity.

During the initiation, Mr. Dia collapsed and was taken to hospital. He died there two days later.

A coroner's report would find that toxic salt levels caused by the excessive consumption of fish oil was a leading cause in his death.

More than four years on, 18 students have been sentenced to up to 300 hours of community service and a €400 ($430; £340) fine each after being found guilty in their role in Mr. Dia's involuntary death and degrading treatment.

They have also been ordered to pay damages to Mr. Dia's family, as well as to two others who were also subjected to the hazing initiation.

The court ruled that the students - members of the now-disbanded Reuzegom, whose members were traditionally associated with some of Belgian society's elites - were not guilty of intentionally administering harmful substance causing death or illness.

However suggestions that race and class played a part in the treatment Mr Dia was subjected to during the hazing have sparked discussion since his death - particularly among young people on social media and in student circles.

Allegations of racism within the Reuzegom fraternity appeared in Belgian media, including that Mr. Dia was subjected to a racial slur and singled out to clean on behalf of Reuzegom members on a separate occasion because of his race.

Other local media reports have claimed some of Reuzegom's members were the sons of politicians and judges - pointing to their privileged positions in society.

With this in mind, some Belgians have reacted to the verdict with indignation, viewing the sentencings as overly lenient.

On TikTok, the hashtag #justiceforsanda has gained more than 6.5m views.

Protests have also taken place in the cities of Antwerp, Brussels, Gent and Leuven - the university city where Mr Dia studied. Another has been organised in Brussels on Sunday.

“Everybody is just angry and disappointed in the Belgian justice system,” Eliza Plesea, a 22-year-old student and Brussels protest co-organiser, told the BBC.

Speaking about the sentencings, she said, “In Belgium, if you take the bus but you don't have a ticket... you get a higher fine for that” than what the students involved in hazing received.

Following the court ruling, one of the students' defence lawyers, John Maes, described the sentencings as “balanced and well-reasoned”.

But protest organiser and student Jean Kitenge, 25, feels race "definitely" played a part in Mr Dia's death.

Speaking to the BBC, Mr. Kitenge said that at Belgian universities, it is common for students to be subjected to “humiliation” as part of society initiations, but some are subjected to more extreme treatment than others.

“Everyone gets humiliation independently of their colour, but some people have some remarks which are not given to others,” Mr. Kitenge, president of the youth branch of the French speaking DéFI party, said.

“Justice is not for everyone in Belgium.”

Others disagree. During the trial of the 18 students, a defence lawyer responded to Mr. Dia's father's questioning of why his son did not survive the hazing, stating in quotes cited by Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad: “It has nothing to do with colour and everything to do with physique, with height, with weight.”

Mr. Maes meanwhile praised the court for rising “above the war language” of recent years with its ruling.

Some of Mr. Dia's family say the ruling has left them with “mixed emotions”.

“We said from the beginning that we are not spiteful people and we don't want anyone in jail,” Seydou De Vel, Mr. Dia's brother, said in an interview with Flemish TV earlier this week.

But he added that there were still questions about his brother's final hours.

One is who was responsible for administering the fish oil to Mr Dia. The students have not divulged who was responsible for administering it.

“It's just very painful not to know those things when those 18 Reuzegom defendants know it all,” Mr De Vel said.

Sven Mary, the lawyer representing Mr. Dia's father, Ousmane Dia, said after the court verdict it was “difficult” for the family not to know the full facts. He added, however, that he would not be recommending that the family seek to appeal the verdict.

Elite fraternity Reuzegom has been disbanded since Mr. Dia's death.

The university at which it was a fraternity, KU Leuven, said sanctions were implemented against seven students who still remained at the university in 2021 - which involved their expulsion and, in some cases, lifetime banishment from registering at the university again.

“No sanction or proceedings can take away the grief over Sanda's death,” it said in a statement to the BBC. “The fact remains that a great tragedy happened during the Reuzegom initiation ruling.

“As a university community, we will never forget Sanda and what happened.” (BBC)

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